![]() ![]() During that period, he prepared a paraphrase on the work of the 10th-century Arab physician, Rhazes ( O'Malley 1964). In 1536, Vesalius returned to Brabant to spend another year at the Catholic University of Leuven. The outbreak of war between France and the Emperor put an end to Vesalius’ stay in Paris. ![]() The professor was called lector, the barber dissecting the body was called sector, while the assistant of the professor, in this scene aside the sector, was called ostensor. The professor on the chair is thought to be Mondino de’ Liuzzi. Lesson of anatomy from the “Fasciculo de medicina” (Ketham 1494) following the medieval method. He was supported by an assistant ( ostensor), who indicated on the cadaver the parts explained from the text ( Figure 4). The professor ( lector) read the words of Mondino, attempting to set his instruction into a broad context of medical and philosophical knowledge. When an anatomy took place, a surgeon or an assistant cut up the body ( sector). Anatomy was primarily learned from a book, especially the Introduction to Anatomy of Mondino de’ Liuzzi (1270–1326), a Bolognese professor who had lived and taught two centuries earlier, and whose anatomy was based on Galen's work (first edition: Mondino 1475/1476). ![]() Anatomical dissection was a relatively recent and infrequent exercise. However, practical instruction was rare in Paris. Trained in classical languages, Vesalius was strongly influenced by the humanist faculty members in Paris and their retranslations of Galen. As part of Humanism, many classical books and manuscripts were being retranslated ad fontes, i.e., from the original source. At that time, Paris was embracing the Humanistic intellectual movement, which was established almost two centuries previously by Petrarch (1304–1374) in northern Italy and in Padua in particular. Teaching took the form of lectures on particular texts in Latin, especially Hippocrates, Galen, Avicenna, and Rhazes. Paris had long been the leading medical school north of the Alps. Seal of the Catholic University of Leuven. To pursue his medical education, he moved to France from 1533 to 1536 where he studied at the University of Paris. While still in Leuven, Vesalius’ interest focused on medicine. As wealthy young man of his time, Vesalius studied rhetoric, philosophy and logic in Latin, Classical Greek, and Hebrew at the Collegium Trilingue. In 1529, he left Brussels to study at the Catholic University of Leuven ( Figure 3), where he embarked on the arts courses. He came from a family of renowned physicians and pharmacists both his father (pharmacist) and grandfather (physician) served the Holy Roman Emperor (for a comprehensive biography of Vesalius, see Cushing 1962). His surname meant ‘weasel’ and his family's coat of arms, as depicted in Vesalius’ masterpiece ( Vesalius 1543a), represented three weasels ( Figure 2). Andreas van Wesel ( Figure 1) was born on December 31 st, 1514, in Brussels, which was a city of the Duchy of Brabant (the southern portion of Belgium) and the Holy Roman Empire. ![]()
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